This book presents a comprehensive overview of the evolution of imperialism in Portugal, Spain, Netherlands, France, and the Great Britain. It delves into the background of colonialization and focuses on the nature of the motives of necessity, utility, religious, and exploratory and the modus operandi of the establishment of the colonies which required substantial amount of capital. The volume discusses a wide range of themes including the role of Spain as a Muslim colony; rise and fall of Spain as an imperial power; Portuguese discoveries and colonialization; conquests of Dutch companies of East India and West Indies; the French company of the Indies; British colonies in Americas, Africa and Australasia and English East India Company to showcase a holistic history of European competition for trade through wars in North America, South America, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Asia. This book will be of interest to general readers interested in history of colonization, imperialism, Third World studies, post-colonial studies, international relations, defense and strategic studies, South Asian history, and European history.

This book presents a comprehensive overview of the evolution of imperialism in Portugal, Spain, Netherlands, France, and the Great Britain. It delves into the background of colonialization and focuses on the nature of the motives of necessity, utility, religious, and exploratory and the modus operandi of the establishment of the colonies which required substantial amount of capital. The volume discusses a wide range of themes including the role of Spain as a Muslim colony; rise and fall of Spain as an imperial power; Portuguese discoveries and colonialization; conquests of Dutch companies of East India and West Indies; the French company of the Indies; British colonies in Americas, Africa and Australasia and English East India Company to showcase a holistic history of European competition for trade through wars in North America, South America, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Asia. This book will be of interest to general readers interested in history of colonization, imperialism, Third World studies, post-colonial studies, international relations, defense and strategic studies, South Asian history, and European history.

This book delves into the history of Afghanistan, its people, and its relationship with neighbors, to unravel the intricate politics and ethnolinguistic diversity of the country. It discusses the history of innumerable invasions which left imprints over the country and its people and created a complex fabric of different ethnic, linguistic, religious and cultural groups. The volume looks at the various empires which warred over the land including the Persian, Greek, Mongol, and Sassanid dynasties, as well as the later interferences by the British and the Russians and the emergence of the Taliban. It examines the correlations between war, power politics, religion, local governance, and the opium trade and economy in Afghanistan. The author through personal stories and anecdotes of his visits and journeys in Afghanistan provides a very rich and extensive view of Afghan politics, culture and history. The relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan and Afghanistan's unique position in the politics of the region is also a thread which runs through the entire book. This book will a great resource (and of interest) to researchers and students of politics, history, Central and South Asian Studies, war and international relations, political economy, and peace and reconciliation studies. It will also interest journalists, diplomats and international development organizations.

This book delves into the history of Afghanistan, its people, and its relationship with neighbors, to unravel the intricate politics and ethnolinguistic diversity of the country. It discusses the history of innumerable invasions which left imprints over the country and its people and created a complex fabric of different ethnic, linguistic, religious and cultural groups. The volume looks at the various empires which warred over the land including the Persian, Greek, Mongol, and Sassanid dynasties, as well as the later interferences by the British and the Russians and the emergence of the Taliban. It examines the correlations between war, power politics, religion, local governance, and the opium trade and economy in Afghanistan. The author through personal stories and anecdotes of his visits and journeys in Afghanistan provides a very rich and extensive view of Afghan politics, culture and history. The relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan and Afghanistan's unique position in the politics of the region is also a thread which runs through the entire book. This book will a great resource (and of interest) to researchers and students of politics, history, Central and South Asian Studies, war and international relations, political economy, and peace and reconciliation studies. It will also interest journalists, diplomats and international development organizations.

Access to food with enough calories and nutrients is a fundamental right of every human. The global population has exceeded 7.8 billion and is expected to pass 10 billion by 2055. Such rapid population increase presents a great challenge for food supply. More grain production is needed to provide basic calories for humans. Thus, it is crucial to produce 60-110% more food to fill the gap between food production and the demand of future generations. Meanwhile food nutritional values are of increasing interest to accommodate industrialized modern lives. The instability of food production caused by global climate change presents another great challenge. The global warming rate has become more rapid in recent decades, with more frequent extreme climate change including higher temperatures, drought, and floods. Our world faces various unprecedented scenarios such as rising temperatures, which causes melting glaciers and the resulting various biotic and abiotic stresses, ultimately leading to food scarcity. In these circumstances it is of utmost importance to examine the genetic basis and extensive utilization of germplasm to develop "climate resilient cultivars" through the application of plant breeding and biotechnological tools. Future crops must adapt to these new and unpredictable environments. Crop varieties resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses are also needed as plant disease, insects, drought, high- and low-temperature stresses are expected to be impacted by climate change. Thus, we need a food production system that can simultaneously satisfy societal demands and long-term development. Since the Green Revolution in the 1960s, farming has been heavily dependent on high input of nitrogen and pesticides. This leads to environmental pollution which is not sustainable in the long run. Therefore, a new breeding scheme is urgently needed to enable sustainable agriculture; including new strategies to develop varieties and crops that have high yield potential, high yield stability, and superior grain quality and nutrition while also using less consumption of water, fertilizer, and chemicals in light of environmental protection. While we face these challenges, we also have great opportunities, especially with flourishing developments in omics technologies. High-quality reference genomes are becoming available for a larger number of species, with some species having more than one reference genome. The genome-wide re-sequencing of diverse varieties enables the identification of core- and pan-genomes. An integration of omics data will enable a rapid and high-throughput identification of many genes simultaneously for a relevant trait. This will change our current research paradigm fundamentally from single gene analysis to pathway or network analysis. This will also expand our understanding of crop domestication and improvement. In addition, with the knowledge gained from omics data, in combination with new technologies like targeted gene editing, we can breed new varieties and crops for sustainable agriculture.

This practical, concise guide discusses how to distinguish different types of tremor and make the diagnosis of essential tremor. Written in an easy-to-read format, this book summarises other conditions that may be confused with essential tremor and details all current treatment options for this condition, including medications, surgery and non-invasive alternatives. Examination techniques for patients with a tremor complaint are described, some of which may be novel to the general practitioner, and case studies full of diagnostic and examination pearls are provided. Essential Tremor in Clinical Practice is an updated version of Abdul Qayyum Rana's previous book, An Introduction to Essential Tremor. Busy clinicians, including internists, general and family practitioners, and geriatricians will benefit from this short yet comprehensive, clinically focussed volume.

This practical, pocket-sized, quick reference book is for those who need to manage movement disorder patients without the immediate help of a movement disorder neurologist. Only the most pertinent information is covered.

This book is divided into five chapters covering the common phenomenology of movement disorders and includes tremor, dystonia, chorea, myoclonus, and tics. The etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms and treatments of these conditions are briefly reviewed, with the emphasis on the most common practical challenges encountered with these patients.

"Differential Diagnosis of Movement Disorders in Clinical Practice" is aimed at postgraduates training in neurology, emergency care physicians, internists and primary care providers. Medical students will also find this book particularly helpful during their neurology rotations.

This quick reference guide for medical students and residents presents over sixty clinical case studies of major neurological conditions and their associated neuroimaging characteristics. A primer on the fundamental physics which underlie neuroimaging techniques is also provided. The content is organized by pathology type and the structure of every topic is similar to help the reader develop his or her thinking process in a stepwise fashion and to provide a rational approach to imaging interpretation. Neuroradiology in Clinical Practice is aimed at medical students and residents doing their rotations in neurology, internal medicine, emergency medicine, and family medicine, but will also be useful for allied health professionals, nurse practitioners, physician assistants and other primary medical care providers.

Neurological Emergencies in Clinical Practice discusses neurological emergencies in a stepwise fashion including stabilizing the patient, identifying the cause, and treating the underlying cause. It is useful in several settings including the emergency room, hospital in-patient service as well as the intensive care unit. Neurological Emergencies in Clinical Practice has a wide appeal and relevance to disciplines including neurology, emergency medicine, critical care medicine, internal medicine and family medicine. Medical students and residents may use this convenient, pocket-sized book to prepare for and succeed in their training examinations and it is also useful for other house staff and practicing physicians.

Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurological condition that can become quite disabling overtime. Unfortunately there is currently no cure available for Parkinson's disease. However, there are many successful pharmacological treatments that help to improve the symptoms of this condition. In addition to the pharmacological therapy, which is the mainstay of treatment, there are many natural methods and non-pharmacological strategies which if supplemented with the pharmacological treatments could improve the quality of life of patients. This guide briefly discusses these natural therapies and non-pharmacological strategies along with the various aspects of this condition. This booklet may be used by the patients and their caregivers who want to learn about these non-pharmacological approaches. Healthcare workers may also find helpful information that can be used while managing this complicated condition.

Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurological condition that can become quite disabling overtime. Unfortunately there is currently no cure available for Parkinson's disease. However, there are many successful pharmacological treatments that help to improve the symptoms of this condition. In addition to the pharmacological therapy, which is the mainstay of treatment, there are many natural methods and non-pharmacological strategies which if supplemented with the pharmacological treatments could improve the quality of life of patients. This guide briefly discusses these natural therapies and non-pharmacological strategies along with the various aspects of this condition. This booklet may be used by the patients and their caregivers who want to learn about these non-pharmacological approaches. Healthcare workers may also find helpful information that can be used while managing this complicated condition.

99 Faces of Parkinson's disease is a comprehensive review of muscular, sensory, mental and a variety of other types of symptoms which Parkinson's patients experience. It is a great handbook for patients suffering with Parkinson's disease, as well as their friends, families and caregivers. In the past, its first edition was found very helpful for medical students, residents, nurses and physician assistants. The detailed description of all the possible symptoms and the brief discussion about treatments is mainly to open the doors for further discussions about these symptoms between patients and their caregivers. The book has been divided into easy subsections and chapters and there is a use of pictures and tables for easy understanding and emphasis of the important points. Several true patient stories have been included for better understanding of the disease. An attempt was made to cover each and every symptom of Parkinson's disease in this book because of the authors' belief that "an informed patient is a stronger patient," and "a patient armed with knowledge about the disease is ready to fight with the disease."

Over the last few years Cotton is being threatened by the heavy attack of the insect pests.Previously cloning and transformation of single Cry gene was used to overcome this problem but few insects have developed resistant against these toxins.In this book successful attempt has been made to overcome this problem by using advance techniques of Molecular Biology.For this purpose Chloroplast targeted Expression of Cry1Ac and Cry2A was obtained by using Chloroplast transit peptide. This method not only express the toxins in the green parts of the plant only but also increases the expression of these genes. So, this technique has dual benefit of high level of expression in targeted green parts of the plants only.

Pulses are an important food stuff and have significant role in fixing atmospheric nitrogen in nodules (improving soil fertility) and as a quality feed for milch animals. Mungbean being a short duration crop, can be grown twice a year. It is drought resistant crop that can withstand adverse environmental conditions, and hence can successfully be grown in rainfed areas of Pakistan. Currently low seed yield of pulses in Pakistan is mainly attributed to nutritional imbalance and very low organic matter content. The book contains valuable information on various aspect of seed inoculation, farm yard manure and chemicals fertilizers application to boost up seed production. This book can be an asset for the researchers, planner and agriculture students. Being agrarian country, it should be in each and every agriculture library around the country.

In this study the role of epicuticular wax in transmission of CLCuV has been studied. Epicuticular waxes plays very important role in hindering the attachment of insects to the leaves. In this study the wax deficient mutant plants GaWM3 were used as experimental plants while Gossypium arboreum (786) were used as negatively controlled plants as it is reported that whitefly can not transmit virus in it and G. hirsutum (MNH-93) were taken as negative and positive control plants because it has severe viral attack in past. It is important to mention here that GaWM3 were produced in our laboratory at CEMB from Gossypium arboreum (786) with the only difference of having 50% less wax than Gossypium arboreum (786). It was found that the G. hirsutum (MNH-93) was CLCuV positive and G. arboreum (786) was CLCuV negative. But most strikingly the wax deficient GaWM3 mutant plants which contain 50% less than G. arboreum (786) wax were CLCuV positive while the plants from which these mutants were made (G. arboreum,786) were CLCuV negative. If wax act act a barrier than, the damage of CLCuV on cotton can be overcome by by increasing the wax content.

Biodegradation of paranitrophenol (PNP) was carried out using Pseudomonas pseudomallei capable for PNP degradation. For enhanced biodegradation this strain was subjected to UV ray, chemical and gamma ray mutagenesis. UV and chemical mutagenesis was not fruitful as no PNP hyper degrading bacterial strain was obtained. Gamma ray mutagenesis was positive for PNP degradation and hyper degrading bacterial strain was obtained. Both parent and mutant in presence of glucose, efficiently degraded PNP. When concentration of glucose increased from 50 to 100 ppm then 50 ppm PNP was degraded within 12 hours by mutant and in 20 hours by parent. So glucose had positive effect on PNP degradation and resulted in enhanced PNP degradation. Effect of phenol was also checked on PNP degradation. The result showed that immobilization of the bacterial culture was best practice for PNP degradation. Similarly addition of glucose helped enhanced PNP degradation and ammonium sulphate provided good nitrogen source. After this toxicity of treated and untreated PNP was also checked by exposing to fish, that showed that after degradation of PNP no toxic metabolites were produced.

Global demand of energy is ever increasing and its resources due to extensive exploitation arc fastly diminishing. The days of inexpensive fossil energy are clearly numbered, the credibility of nuclear energy has fallen to new low, and fusion energy stands decades of more for practical realization. It is therefore imperative to turn to renewable raw materials for energy. At present there is worldwide interest in the process of converting photo synthetically derived substances into food. Chemicals and fuels. The imminent storage of fossil fuel has intensified the research for bioconversion of lignocelluosic material to fuels. The availability of solar energy needs to be linked up with cellulosic and hemicelluloses productivity. -glucosidase is one of the component enzymes of the cellulase complex and is widely distributed in nature. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of arly and alkyl glycosides as well as of cellobiose to glucose which is inhibitory to the endo and exo cellulases during cellulose hydrolysis. This book explain the production of Beta Glucosidase and its characterization.

About The Author

Dr. Abdul Qayyum Rana is a neurologist who specializes in Parkinson's disease and Movement disorders. He is currently the Director of Parkinson's Clinic of Eastern Toronto and Movement Disorders Center, located in Toronto, Canada. Dr. Rana completed his neurology residency training in New Jersey Neuroscience Institute, New Jersey, U.S.A. He then did a fellowship in Parkinson's disease and Movement disorders at the University of Ottawa, Canada. Dr. Rana is well known for promoting public awareness of Parkinson's disease and Movement disorders. Dr. Rana is also founder of World Parkinson's Education Program. Dr.Rana has written extensively on various aspects of Parkinson's disease and Movement disorders. Some of the books and publications of Dr. Rana are as follows, Book titles

A Synopsis of Neurological Emergencies

An Aid to Neuro-ophthalmology

An Introduction to Essential Tremor 50 Ways Parkinson's Could Affect YouEducational Brochures

Frequently Asked Questions About Parkinson's disease
This is a series of educational brochures about Parkinson's disease which have been translated in different languages and are used in many countries around the world.www.parkinsonseducation.org

"Essential Tremor" is the most common movement disorder, which may be mild in severity, and therefore may not come to medical attention in many cases. However, essential tremor is sometimes quite debilitating and may interfere with one's daily activities. Unfortunately there is no cure for essential tremor, but there are many successful treatments, which can be beneficial to many patients. This guide briefly discusses the etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms and different treatments available for this condition.
This guide may be used by medical students, general practitioners and other healthcare professionals. The patients and their family members who want to learn more about this condition may find useful information in this manual as the content of this booklet has been simplified to a great extent. This booklet represents an overview of the work of many experts in the field of movement disorders.

Tomato is pre-requisite of domestic dishes in Pakistan as there is hardly any recipe that does not include tomatoes. It is an essential ingredient of urban cuisine devoid of any seasonal factors.Tomato fruit worm (TFW), Helicoverpa armigera (H bner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a highly polyphagous pest that attacks over 100 plant species of economical importance as cotton, maize, tobacco, pigeon pea and chickpea along with tomato. Helicoverpa armigera cause a widespread damage to tomato plant regarding quality and quantity throughout Asia.